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INTRODUCTION TO THE WHIRLS THEORY
Alex Saltanov
January 2010
Abstract
According to Whirls theory the matter is made of waves, not particles. A large number of observations can be explained in a visual and intuitive way if we view elementary particles as being composed of waving distorted space. The distortion comes in the form of "whirls" existing in (and made of) space. Whirl can decay (“unwhirl”), becoming a flat space under certain conditions. This explains the wave-particle duality, gravitation, the Universe expansion, quantum mechanical effects and many other natural phenomena.
It has long been established that elementary particles such as photons and electrons behave as both waves and particles. However, it remains unclear how this is possible. What do elementary particles look like? How can an electron, which is observed to have rest mass, behave as a wave? How can one visualize such a duality? Whirls theory (WT) conceptualizes matter as consisting of whirls of space. What are detected as individual elementary particles are individual whirls in space-time. Elementary particles are various kinds of whirls – differing in size, internal structure and rotational speed. Although whirls of space may seem to be too fragile to make up the building blocks of something as stable as a matter appears to be in everyday life, such a model simplifies, explains and organizes many observations which heretofore have appeared to be disconnected. Consider a large volume of space that is so far from any matter so as to be flat. Assign it a property called "density" and define the density as equal to 1 everywhere inside the volume. Next, consider a single whirl (a particle) inside that volume of space. Space’s density inside the whirl is higher than the density of flat space (i.e., greater than 1); space’s density around the whirl is lower than that of flat space in such a way that average density throughout the space inside and outside of the whirl is still equal to 1. Points in space immediately outside of the whirl have the lowest density, and its value is inversely proportional to their distance from the whirl. If the whirl decays (flattens out, or "unwhirls"), the space that the whirl was made of flattens out and occupies larger volume than was occupied by decayed whirl.
Gravitation
In the view of WT, space and matter are the same. Since matter is made of whirls and whirls made of space, the space surrounding the whirls has lower density because the space is being condensed inside the whirls. The space is being "used" inside whirls. Two whirls, each decreasing the density of space in its proximity, appear to be attracted to each other due to whirls’ tendency to move from regions of space with higher density towards those of lower density. Contrary to General Relativity - which assumes that matter bends space – WT assumes that matter (whirls) lowers surrounding space’s density, without bending it.
Universe Expansion
Whirls decay and become a flat space with volume greater than volume that was occupied by whirls. This is the source of the space expansion. A whirl decay occurs more frequently in portions of space where the density is close to 1, i.e., within space that is far away from matter (other whirls). The more space expands, the farther remaining whirls are from one another. This flattens space even more and creates conditions for faster expansion. As a result, the Universe expands continuously, pushing galaxies farther away at an accelerating rate. The Universe was created as an infinitely convoluted space and has been flattening ever since. Eventually, it will become totally flat, and, therefore, bereft of whirls (particles), except those that appear temporarily due to quantum fluctuations. The origin of the Universe is probably a quantum fluctuation but there can be two different scenarios. The first is: the Universe may exist continuously, without beginning or end, as an infinite flat space. In this scenario, its surface would, on occasion, become distorted by quantum fluctuations of various magnitudes, such as the one that happened 14 billion years ago (Big Bang). This space, which was flat prior to the distortion, now is not flat but flattening back and will eventually become totally flat again at some moment in the future. In the second scenario, the Universe didn’t exist as a flat space prior to the Bing Bang. Everything was created at once as infinitely convoluted space which starts flattening out, separating into myriads of whirls which self-assembled into atoms, stars, galaxies etc.
Galaxy Rotation Curve
Galaxy formation is aided by space expansion. The increasing volume of space explains the formation and evolution of galaxies, as well as the accelerating rate of the Universe's expansion. Observations show that stars revolve around the centers of galaxies at constant speeds over large distances from the center of the galaxy. This implies that stars in outer galactic layers revolve much faster than what is predicted by Newtonian dynamics. The discrepancy is usually attributed to the presence of dark matter – an unusual form of matter that is invisible and interacts with other matter only through gravitation. Dark matter, however, is hardly an explanation for the constancy of stars' rotational speed. If dark matter simply adds mass to the galaxy, then its contribution to rotation would be identical to that of visible matter, and stars in outer galactic layers would be observed to rotate more slowly than those in the inner layers. It was therefore proposed that dark matter was present in the form of a halo. Such a configuration creates another problem – by definition the dark matter interacts with visible matter through gravitation and, over time, must also be pulled to the center of the galaxy, gradually altering constant stellar speed in the outer galactic layers. Whirl decay provides an alternative explanation. Space is flatter outside of galaxies, and, as a result, its expansion is greater there than it is within galaxies. Expanding space pushes surrounding space and matter in all directions, driving galaxies away from one another, as well as squeezing each of them. In the latter case, it works as a gravitational force towards the galactic center. As a result, stars in the outer layers of a galaxy are pushed toward the galactic center, which allows them to maintain high speeds – higher than allowed by galaxy’s gravitational pull.
Figure 1: Space expansion drives galaxies apart while simultaneously squeezing them.
The simplest visualization of what expanding space is doing will be this: imagine we have a giant air balloon which is filled with gas and which has lots of smaller air balloons floating inside. The giant balloon represents the Universe and smaller balloons represent galaxies. We can simulate the effects of decaying whirls - that add volume to the space - by increasing gas pressure in the giant balloon. As a result of that we’ll have:
Figure 2
Galaxy Formation
Considering that there was plenty of randomly distributed material in the early universe, galactic sizes should be normally distributed. Regardless of the existence of dark matter, gravitational pull coupled with the expansion of space would divide material into randomly sized chunks. Material inside the chunks would be pulled to its relative center of mass, gaining rotational speed. After some time, the centers of primordial galaxies would become extremely dense and rotate extremely fast and tend to throw off their external layers. By the present era, the universe would have been divided into billions of swiftly rotating black holes, interspersed with fast drifting material. But since we do see galaxies with non-normally distributed sizes we have to assume that the process of their formation was different. Whirls' decay and its concomitant space expansion provide a mechanism that creates an equilibrium which can explain galaxies' formation. The key is in the rate of expansion, which changes as the density of space varies. Randomly distributed material in the early universe was affected by two forces – the force of gravity and the force generated by the expansion of space. Random masses of matter were pulled towards local centers of mass and gained rotational speed, becoming galaxies. Pressure from expanding space outside of galaxies retarded the motion of stars in the outer galactic layers, thereby holding them at steady speeds of revolution. This dragging effect propagated through gravitational force towards the center of galaxies and slowed the galactic rotation. If a galaxy’s mass is too large, its rotational speed will continue to grow, causing some of the outer stars and other material to begin to overcome the pressure from expanding space and leave the galaxy to probably join other (smaller) galaxies. This stellar exodus reduces the galaxy's mass, and the remaining stars, unable to overcome the pressure, are confined within the galaxy. The equilibrium - between (1) the amount of mass that increases the speed of stars in outer layers and (2) the pressure of expanding space that decreases both linear and rotational stellar speed is forcing galaxies to settle on particular mass and rotational speed, instead of being allowed to automatically fall into a normal distribution of sizes.
Electron Rotation Problem
It is commonly assumed that particles' spin comes about as a result of their rotation. The problem is that if an electron – which has rest mass – rotates at the predicted speed, it must quickly disintegrate. Therefore, electrons are considered to be point-like particles which have no size. WT is modeling electrons (as well as all other particles) as whirls, which can rotate at very high speeds without destruction.
Electric Charge
While some particles (such as electrons) have charge, others (such as photons) do not. WT theorizes charge as deriving from a whirl’s geometric properties, specifically, the spatially asymmetric structure of the whirl. Photons, then, are spatially symmetric whirls. Electron-positron pair annihilates producing two photons. Electrons and positrons are whirls that are asymmetric in opposite directions in space-time. Upon annihilation, their structures cancel one another, leaving only the symmetrical products – two or more photons. Another result of particle-antiparticle annihilation is the expansion of space that was squeezed inside of two particles and “unwhirls”. That can be confirmed experimentally. In early Universe particle-antiparticle annihilation might have been the prevailing source of expansion as oppose to spontaneous whirl decay which is a predominant source of expansion today. And that collaborates with popular inflationary models that say that the speed of inflation in the first moments after the Big Bang was enormous in comparison with speed of inflation today.
Figure 3: A photon is a spatially symmetric whirl that, in simplified form, can be depicted as flat. Electrons and positrons are spatially asymmetric (in opposite directions) whirls. Figure depicts them in spatially simplified form.
More particles than antiparticles
Why does the Universe consist mostly of matter, rather than being an equal mix of matter and antimatter? Due to the space expansion - caused by whirls decay - creation of spatially asymmetric particles is less probable in one space-time direction than in another. As spatially asymmetric whirls, particles and antiparticles are not being created in equal amounts due to the fact that the Universe is expanding in only one direction (inside out). In other words, creation of particles is aided by the expansion while creation of antiparticles is largely suppressed.
Wave-particle duality
Whirls have the properties of waves (since they are a form of rotating waves) and of particles (because they can generally only exist and being emitted and absorbed as discrete units except the whirls with complex structure – those representing complex particles like the electron). Electrons can absorb and emit photons. WT assumes that photon absorption by an electron makes the whirl that represents electron become bigger and rotate faster. Such whirl is less stable and can lose some of its energy in the form of a photon-whirl emission. WT also assumes that curtain property of space - similar to viscosity in liquids - defines which whirls are stable and which are not depending on their size and rotational speed. It means that although a whirl can be of arbitrary size only some specific sizes provide for stable whirls and those are what we observe as stable particles – photons, electrons, protons etc.
Equivalence of energy and matter
A whirl represents both matter and energy. A whirl can be emitted and absorbed only as a whole, and that makes them behave like individual particles. But a whirl is also a movement of distorted space that can do work and thus has energy. Even more correct view would be that energy and matter is not only equivalent but they are the same thing – distortions of space.
Quantum mechanics interpretation
Whirl moves and rotates in space-time. In spatial dimensions it means that some points inside the whirl move in opposite directions, as points on one edge of a rotating wheel of a moving car, for example, travel backward while points on the opposite edge move forward. Same thing happens in the time dimension – some parts of a whirl move into future, some parts move into past, while the center of a whirl is in the "present." Such time movements are not constant; they are merely jiggles back and forth from “present”. Again, identical to the example of a rotating wheel where some points move in opposite direction but only for a small distance and then quickly catch up with the forward motion, some parts of the whirl are slightly behind in time while other parts are slightly ahead of time for a short periods.
Figure 4: Path of the point A in space and time. While most of the time the whirl moves forward in space and time, at some moments the point A will move in opposite direction in space and time. Here A1 is where point A was before and A2 is a point where A was after. So the point A moved from S1 to S2 is space and from T1 to T2 in time i.e. backwards in time.
Those parts of the whirl that move into the past connect with the whirl’s past and propagate (through many subsequent interconnections) the information all the way back to the source. Analogously, those parts that move into the future connect with the future of the whirl. So the whole whirl’s history – from source to destination – is interconnected. It looks (in simplified form) something like a conveyor belt that connects an emission point in the past with an absorption point in the future and propagates information in both directions simultaneously, creating “history” between two points in space-time.
Figure 5: Due to short movements in time (jiggling in time) the whirl is passing information of its state in both directions in time. Although jiggles in time are small the whirl step-by-step propagates information from emission to absorption and from absorption to emission through many subsequent little ‘handshakes’ with itself. Since some points on the whirl move for short periods backwards in time(see Figure 4) they connect with the ‘past’ of the whirl. So in space-time a whirl’s movement looks like a set of interconnecting curves that show how information is flowing in both directions. This is also an explanation why elementary particles were observed to be “waving”.
The “history” of a whirl (the path in space and time between emission and absorption), however, does not remain the same. Conveyor belt is made of many interconnecting parts each of which constantly passes information from previous to the next and from next to previous (so – in both directions). The information that propagates in such a way from future to past (and vice versa) can follow a random assortment of different paths every time around, and, as a result, a single whirl possesses an infinite number of histories. Not only are there many conveyor belts, but those belts are interconnecting in an infinite number of ways.
Figure 6: While jiggling backward and forward in time the path (in space and time) of a single whirl can randomly change. While the whirl is went from T1 to T2 by one path it can take another path from T2 to T1 and then again a new path from T1 to T2 creating an infinite set of trajectories (histories) through which the whirl went from emission to absorption.
This infinite number of histories includes spatial information as well as all possible particle properties: spin, polarization, charge, etc. Once the whirl is absorbed, only one set of properties is observed. Other histories become “forgotten”, although they did exist in the past. For example, if a photon happens to exhibit vertical polarization when absorbed, that information is propagated back to the moment of the photon’s emission and the photon becomes emitted (in the past) as vertically polarized. It can be said that the properties of the photon are being both undetermined and determined at the same time. There are no hidden variables at first, but when the history of a whirl ends, the whirl "settles" on specific properties (a definite set of the hidden variables) from the very beginning. A photon goes from the point of emission to the point of absorption an infinite number of times, using different paths and possessing different properties. Once absorbed, only one history and one set of properties become "actualized." The WT concept of multiple histories explains the two-slit experiment. A single whirl (a photon, for example) is sent towards the screen, and, subsequently, a single whirl is observed hitting the screen. Between these two events there will be an infinite number of histories detailing that whirl's movement. According to some of these histories, the whirl exited through the left slit; according to other histories, it exited through the right slit. Thus, the location at which the whirl hits the screen is not random; the presence of two slits allows some histories to interfere with one another.
Figure 7: In two-slit experiment histories interfere with each other although they all belong to the same whirl. Whirls jiggle around "present" time, moving into both the future and the past by tiny "distances." Non-relativistic particles travel predominantly into the future. The faster a whirl travels, the more pronounced its movements into the past become while temporal movement into the future is less pronounced. A whirl that moves at the speed of light is traveling into both the future and the past by equal amounts.
Entanglement
Consider an experiment in which a particle with zero spin decays into two particles with non-zero spins. Correlation between spins will be observed. Experiment has proven that spins are not set to specific values at the moment of the particles' creation. Once one of the particles' spin is measured, the other particle’s spin is instantly and mysteriously assigned the opposite sign. WT explains that the entanglement is due to fact that the decay (that produced two particles) is a common component of particles' histories. Each of the particles also has an individual set of histories that contain all kinds of spins. Before any particle is measured (absorbed) all histories have a chance to exist. After the measurement, other histories are eliminated, this information is propagated back to the source, and the particle appears as if it had been created with the detected spin. The histories of the companion particle which do not include opposite spins are instantly invalidated, despite the fact that the particle to which they belong has not yet been absorbed (measured).
Figure 8: Entangled whirls A and B are moving towards detectors D1 and D2. A1 is the forward in time propagation of states of whirl A. A2 is a backward in time propagation of state of whirl A after it was already measured by D1. B1 is a propagation of states of whirl B from source to detector D2, and also the propagation of the final state of whirl B when whirl A was already measured (in the future) and only one of the histories with specific state is ‘actualized’ while other histories are ‘forgotten’.
WT is not considering measurement as anything special. Even the most unobtrusive measurement (through which slit photon went, for example) disrupts histories’ interference and destroys the interference pattern on the screen.
Time and length dilation
The WT explanation of time and length dilation of fast moving whirls becomes a connection point between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. At high speeds the whirl's length (but not the whirl itself) shrinks along the direction of movement. This is reflected in the equation of length dilation. Since length cannot shrink to less than zero, the concept of length dilation sets a universal speed limit. Length dilation is caused by a whirl’s time shift. As previously mentioned, the faster a whirl moves, the further its parts jiggle into the past and less into the future. In other words, although whirl’s parts move into both the past and the future, the two vectors representing temporal displacements are equal only when a whirl is moving at the speed of light. The whirl itself does not contract, but its length, as measured from an outside frame of reference (which moves slower relatively to the whirl), appears to be shorter than it is in the whirl's frame of reference due to time shifts.
Figure 9: Length dilation of the fast moving whirl. L1 is actual whirl that doesn’t shrink if viewed from the local system of coordinates. L2 is whirl’s length if measured from stationary system of coordinates (it is appears to be shorter than L1). ΔL1 is length dilation due to whirl’s move backward in time. ΔL2 is length dilation due to whirl’s move forward in time.
Time dilation is due to the same nature as length dilation – the vector in the direction of the past grows with speed while the vector in the direction of the future shortens.
Figure 10: Time dilation of the fast moving whirl. Whirl A is moving with the speed of light in space, so it just jiggles around same point in time dimension. Whirl B is moving with half the speed of light, so it does jiggle backward and forward in time but total temporal move is forward in time although much slower than that of the whirl C that stands still. Whirl C is moving in time but not in space (but it is still jiggles around space coordinate).
Time dilation of a whirl in a gravitational field is attributable to a lower space density, which allows the whirl to travel faster in space than in time.
Creation of the Universe
The Universe was created because it could. Same as with individual whirls (mentioned above) the whole Universe is flowing between the past and the future (in both directions) by multiple trajectories (histories). The infinite set of histories also includes those in which the Universe was not even created, or was short-lived. We happen to be in the history in which the Universe was spontaneously created from nothing and will exist always as first convoluted and then as flat space.
Comparison with other interpretations
The ‘Copenhagen’ interpretation describes wave function as merely an abstraction – “probability wave”. WT – on the contrary - presents objective description of such wave. The “wave” is not an abstraction but a reality consisting of the sum of many histories for a single whirl. All of those histories coexist in the same time period while being different realities until a single history “actualizes” while all other histories are “forgotten”. The Many Worlds interpretation explains that decoherence constantly splitting the universe into many distinct universes. WT considers that the universe is not splitting, but instead each particle has multiple histories in a single universe. At first sight, the Consistent Histories (CH) interpretation is similar to what is described by WT. However the big difference is that histories in the CH interpretation are supplements for mathematical formulation, not separate realities. Whereas in WT histories are realities that happen in parallel in the same time interval and are all “real” because – in essence – a whirl travels back and forth in time and so able to “live” infinite number of times inside the same time period and those “lives” can be very different from one another. It is similar to a time traveler that “jumps” from the end of his life to the beginning and live all the life again without knowing what already happened to him and thus becomes a slightly (or a lot) different person every time around due to random events – becoming say a historian in one life and a biologist in another. All his lives will be real yet only one is known to an outside observer who is not able to “jump” with the time traveler. Of course, in the WT the whirls are not “jumping” to the beginning but gradually “flowing” in both directions simultaneously. The Pilot Wave interpretation (PW) explains that quantum interactions can be described by a standing wave formed by two physically real waves – “retarded” and “advanced”, and that the real particle is being guided by the result of their mutual cancellation. As of such the PW describes three real physical objects – two waves and a particle. WT does not include additional guiding waves. All interactions are the result of the multiple interfering histories of a real particle (whirl). Many similarities can be found between WT and the Path Integral Formulation (PIF) also called “Sum over histories” approach that replaces a single trajectory of a particle with a sum of multiple trajectories. However, in PIF, the histories are different paths of a single particle that somehow progressing forward in time simultaneously by many trajectories. PIF doesn’t explain how this is realistically possible. WT explains that whirl’s multiple trajectories are possible due to whirl’s “time shifts” that allows information to gradually and symmetrically flow in both directions between separate space-time points.
In conclusion, we hope that WT presents more down to earth theory of reality. It contains a connection point between the general relativity and the quantum mechanics. It eliminates the need for dark energy and dark matter additions to the Standard model, and explains quantum phenomena using fully realistic approach that excludes “probability” waves, “pilot” waves and world splitting. It also avoids assigning any special role for the ‘observer’ and the ‘measurement’.
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